C++ 多线程
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多线程
多线程是多任务的一种特殊形式,多任务是一种功能,它使您的计算机可以同时运行两个或多个程序。通常,有两种类型的多任务:基于进程和基于线程。基于进程的多任务处理程序的并发执行。基于线程的多任务处理可同时执行同一程序的各个部分。多线程程序包含两个或多个可以同时运行的部分。这种程序的每个部分都称为一个线程,并且每个线程都定义了单独的执行路径。C++不包含对多线程应用程序的任何内置支持。相反,它完全依赖于操作系统来提供此功能。本教程假定您正在Linux操作系统上工作,并且我们将使用POSIX编写多线程C++程序。POSIX线程或Pthreads提供了许多类似Unix的POSIX系统(例如FreeBSD,NetBSD,GNU/Linux,Mac OS X和Solaris)上可用的API。 -
创建线程
以下例程用于创建POSIX线程-#include <pthread.h> pthread_create (thread, attr, start_routine, arg)
在这里,pthread_create创建一个新线程并使其可执行。可以在代码中的任何位置多次调用此例程。这是参数的描述-参数 描述 thread 子例程返回的新线程的不透明的惟一标识符。 attr 可用于设置线程属性的不透明属性对象。您可以指定一个线程属性对象,或者为默认值指定NULL。 start_routine 创建后线程将执行的c++例程。 arg 可以传递给start_routine的单个参数。它必须作为void类型的指针转换通过引用传递。如果没有参数传递,可以使用NULL。 进程可以创建的最大线程数取决于实现。一旦创建,线程就是对等体,并且可以创建其他线程。线程之间没有隐含的层次结构或依赖性。 -
终止线程
我们使用以下例程终止POSIX线程-#include <pthread.h> pthread_exit (status)
在这里,pthread_exit用于显式退出线程。通常,pthread_exit()例程在线程完成其工作之后被调用,并且不再需要存在。如果main()在其创建的线程之前完成,并以pthread_exit()退出,则其他线程将继续执行。否则,它们将在main()完成时自动终止。例这个简单的示例代码使用pthread_create()例程创建了5个线程。每个线程都打印一个“Hello World!”。消息,然后以对pthread_exit()的调用终止。
尝试一下#include <iostream> #include <cstdlib> #include <pthread.h> using namespace std; #define NUM_THREADS 5 void *PrintHello(void *threadid) { long tid; tid = (long)threadid; cout << "Hello World! Thread ID, " << tid << endl; pthread_exit(NULL); } int main () { pthread_t threads[NUM_THREADS]; int rc; int i; for( i = 0; i < NUM_THREADS; i++ ) { cout << "main() : creating thread, " << i << endl; rc = pthread_create(&threads[i], NULL, PrintHello, &i); if (rc) { cout << "Error:unable to create thread," << rc << endl; exit(-1); } } pthread_exit(NULL); }
使用-lpthread库编译以下程序,如下所示-$g++ test.cpp -lpthread
现在,执行您的程序,它给出以下输出:main() : creating thread, 0 main() : creating thread, 1 main() : creating thread, 2 main() : creating thread, 3 main() : creating thread, 4 Hello World! Thread ID, 0 Hello World! Thread ID, 1 Hello World! Thread ID, 2 Hello World! Thread ID, 3 Hello World! Thread ID, 4
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将参数传递给线程
本示例说明如何通过结构传递多个参数。您可以在线程回调中传递任何数据类型,因为它指向void,如以下示例中所述-
尝试一下#include <iostream> #include <cstdlib> #include <pthread.h> using namespace std; #define NUM_THREADS 5 struct thread_data { int thread_id; const char *message; }; void *PrintHello(void *threadarg) { struct thread_data *my_data; my_data = (struct thread_data *) threadarg; cout << "Thread ID : " << my_data->thread_id ; cout << " Message : " << my_data->message << endl; pthread_exit(NULL); } int main () { pthread_t threads[NUM_THREADS]; struct thread_data td[NUM_THREADS]; int rc; int i; for( i = 0; i < NUM_THREADS; i++ ) { cout <<"main() : creating thread, " << i << endl; td[i].thread_id = i; td[i].message = "This is message"; rc = pthread_create(&threads[i], NULL, PrintHello, (void *)&td[i]); if (rc) { cout << "Error:unable to create thread," << rc << endl; exit(-1); } } pthread_exit(NULL); }
编译并执行上述代码后,将产生以下结果-main() : creating thread, 0 main() : creating thread, 1 main() : creating thread, 2 main() : creating thread, 3 main() : creating thread, 4 Thread ID : 3 Message : This is message Thread ID : 2 Message : This is message Thread ID : 0 Message : This is message Thread ID : 1 Message : This is message Thread ID : 4 Message : This is message
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连接和分离线程
我们可以使用以下两个例程来连接或分离线程:pthread_join (threadid, status) pthread_detach (threadid)
pthread_join()子例程阻塞调用线程,直到指定的“threadid”线程终止。创建线程时,其属性之一定义它是可连接的还是可分离的。只有创建为可连接的线程才能被连接。如果线程创建为分离线程,则永远无法join。本示例演示了如何使用Pthread连接例程等待线程完成。
尝试一下#include <iostream> #include <cstdlib> #include <pthread.h> #include <unistd.h> using namespace std; #define NUM_THREADS 5 void *wait(void *t) { int i; long tid; tid = (long)t; sleep(1); cout << "Sleeping in thread " << endl; cout << "Thread with id : " << tid << " ...exiting " << endl; pthread_exit(NULL); } int main () { int rc; int i; pthread_t threads[NUM_THREADS]; pthread_attr_t attr; void *status; // Initialize and set thread joinable pthread_attr_init(&attr); pthread_attr_setdetachstate(&attr, PTHREAD_CREATE_JOINABLE); for( i = 0; i < NUM_THREADS; i++ ) { cout << "main() : creating thread, " << i << endl; rc = pthread_create(&threads[i], &attr, wait, (void *)i ); if (rc) { cout << "Error:unable to create thread," << rc << endl; exit(-1); } } // free attribute and wait for the other threads pthread_attr_destroy(&attr); for( i = 0; i < NUM_THREADS; i++ ) { rc = pthread_join(threads[i], &status); if (rc) { cout << "Error:unable to join," << rc << endl; exit(-1); } cout << "Main: completed thread id :" << i ; cout << " exiting with status :" << status << endl; } cout << "Main: program exiting." << endl; pthread_exit(NULL); }
编译并执行上述代码后,将产生以下结果-main() : creating thread, 0 main() : creating thread, 1 main() : creating thread, 2 main() : creating thread, 3 main() : creating thread, 4 Sleeping in thread Thread with id : 0 .... exiting Sleeping in thread Thread with id : 1 .... exiting Sleeping in thread Thread with id : 2 .... exiting Sleeping in thread Thread with id : 3 .... exiting Sleeping in thread Thread with id : 4 .... exiting Main: completed thread id :0 exiting with status :0 Main: completed thread id :1 exiting with status :0 Main: completed thread id :2 exiting with status :0 Main: completed thread id :3 exiting with status :0 Main: completed thread id :4 exiting with status :0 Main: program exiting.