SQL - UNIONS 字句

  • 简述

    SQL UNION 子句/运算符用于组合两个或多个 SELECT 语句的结果,而不返回任何重复的行。
    要使用此 UNION 子句,每个 SELECT 语句必须具有
    • 选择的列数相同
    • 相同数量的列表达式
    • 相同的数据类型和
    • 让它们以相同的顺序排列
    但它们不必具有相同的长度。
  • 句法

    a 的基本语法UNION条款如下 -
    
    SELECT column1 [, column2 ]
    FROM table1 [, table2 ]
    [WHERE condition]
    UNION
    SELECT column1 [, column2 ]
    FROM table1 [, table2 ]
    [WHERE condition]
    
    在这里,给定的条件可以是根据您的要求的任何给定表达式。
  • 例子

    考虑以下两个表。
    Table 1− CUSTOMERS 表如下。
    
    +----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+
    | ID | NAME     | AGE | ADDRESS   | SALARY   |
    +----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+
    |  1 | Ramesh   |  32 | Ahmedabad |  2000.00 |
    |  2 | Khilan   |  25 | Delhi     |  1500.00 |
    |  3 | kaushik  |  23 | Kota      |  2000.00 |
    |  4 | Chaitali |  25 | Mumbai    |  6500.00 |
    |  5 | Hardik   |  27 | Bhopal    |  8500.00 |
    |  6 | Komal    |  22 | MP        |  4500.00 |
    |  7 | Muffy    |  24 | Indore    | 10000.00 |
    +----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+
    
    Table 2− ORDERS 表如下。
    
    +-----+---------------------+-------------+--------+
    |OID  | DATE                | CUSTOMER_ID | AMOUNT |
    +-----+---------------------+-------------+--------+
    | 102 | 2009-10-08 00:00:00 |           3 |   3000 |
    | 100 | 2009-10-08 00:00:00 |           3 |   1500 |
    | 101 | 2009-11-20 00:00:00 |           2 |   1560 |
    | 103 | 2008-05-20 00:00:00 |           4 |   2060 |
    +-----+---------------------+-------------+--------+
    
    现在,让我们在 SELECT 语句中加入这两个表,如下所示 -
    
    SQL> SELECT  ID, NAME, AMOUNT, DATE
       FROM CUSTOMERS
       LEFT JOIN ORDERS
       ON CUSTOMERS.ID = ORDERS.CUSTOMER_ID
    UNION
       SELECT  ID, NAME, AMOUNT, DATE
       FROM CUSTOMERS
       RIGHT JOIN ORDERS
       ON CUSTOMERS.ID = ORDERS.CUSTOMER_ID;
    
    这将产生以下结果 -
    
    +------+----------+--------+---------------------+
    | ID   | NAME     | AMOUNT | DATE                |
    +------+----------+--------+---------------------+
    |    1 | Ramesh   |   NULL | NULL                |
    |    2 | Khilan   |   1560 | 2009-11-20 00:00:00 |
    |    3 | kaushik  |   3000 | 2009-10-08 00:00:00 |
    |    3 | kaushik  |   1500 | 2009-10-08 00:00:00 |
    |    4 | Chaitali |   2060 | 2008-05-20 00:00:00 |
    |    5 | Hardik   |   NULL | NULL                |
    |    6 | Komal    |   NULL | NULL                |
    |    7 | Muffy    |   NULL | NULL                |
    +------+----------+--------+---------------------+
    
  • UNION ALL 条款

    UNION ALL 运算符用于组合两个 SELECT 语句(包括重复行)的结果。
    适用于 UNION 子句的相同规则将适用于 UNION ALL 运算符。

    句法

    的基本语法UNION ALL如下。
    
    SELECT column1 [, column2 ]
    FROM table1 [, table2 ]
    [WHERE condition]
    UNION ALL
    SELECT column1 [, column2 ]
    FROM table1 [, table2 ]
    [WHERE condition]
    
    在这里,给定的条件可以是根据您的要求的任何给定表达式。

    例子

    考虑以下两个表,
    Table 1− CUSTOMERS 表如下。
    
    +----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+
    | ID | NAME     | AGE | ADDRESS   | SALARY   |
    +----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+
    |  1 | Ramesh   |  32 | Ahmedabad |  2000.00 |
    |  2 | Khilan   |  25 | Delhi     |  1500.00 |
    |  3 | kaushik  |  23 | Kota      |  2000.00 |
    |  4 | Chaitali |  25 | Mumbai    |  6500.00 |
    |  5 | Hardik   |  27 | Bhopal    |  8500.00 |
    |  6 | Komal    |  22 | MP        |  4500.00 |
    |  7 | Muffy    |  24 | Indore    | 10000.00 |
    +----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+
    
    Table 2− ORDERS 表如下。
    
    +-----+---------------------+-------------+--------+
    |OID  | DATE                | CUSTOMER_ID | AMOUNT |
    +-----+---------------------+-------------+--------+
    | 102 | 2009-10-08 00:00:00 |           3 |   3000 |
    | 100 | 2009-10-08 00:00:00 |           3 |   1500 |
    | 101 | 2009-11-20 00:00:00 |           2 |   1560 |
    | 103 | 2008-05-20 00:00:00 |           4 |   2060 |
    +-----+---------------------+-------------+--------+
    
    现在,让我们在 SELECT 语句中加入这两个表,如下所示 -
    
    SQL> SELECT  ID, NAME, AMOUNT, DATE
       FROM CUSTOMERS
       LEFT JOIN ORDERS
       ON CUSTOMERS.ID = ORDERS.CUSTOMER_ID
    UNION ALL
       SELECT  ID, NAME, AMOUNT, DATE
       FROM CUSTOMERS
       RIGHT JOIN ORDERS
       ON CUSTOMERS.ID = ORDERS.CUSTOMER_ID;
    
    这将产生以下结果 -
    
    +------+----------+--------+---------------------+
    | ID   | NAME     | AMOUNT | DATE                |
    +------+----------+--------+---------------------+
    |    1 | Ramesh   |   NULL | NULL                |
    |    2 | Khilan   |   1560 | 2009-11-20 00:00:00 |
    |    3 | kaushik  |   3000 | 2009-10-08 00:00:00 |
    |    3 | kaushik  |   1500 | 2009-10-08 00:00:00 |
    |    4 | Chaitali |   2060 | 2008-05-20 00:00:00 |
    |    5 | Hardik   |   NULL | NULL                |
    |    6 | Komal    |   NULL | NULL                |
    |    7 | Muffy    |   NULL | NULL                |
    |    3 | kaushik  |   3000 | 2009-10-08 00:00:00 |
    |    3 | kaushik  |   1500 | 2009-10-08 00:00:00 |
    |    2 | Khilan   |   1560 | 2009-11-20 00:00:00 |
    |    4 | Chaitali |   2060 | 2008-05-20 00:00:00 |
    +------+----------+--------+---------------------+
    
    还有另外两个子句(即运算符),类似于 UNION 子句。
    • SQL INTERSECT 子句- 这用于组合两个 SELECT 语句,但仅从第一个 SELECT 语句返回与第二个 SELECT 语句中的行相同的行。
    • SQL EXCEPT Clause - 这结合了两个 SELECT 语句并从第一个 SELECT 语句返回第二个 SELECT 语句未返回的行。