SQLite - C/C++
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简述
在本章中,您将学习如何在 C/C++ 程序中使用 SQLite。安装
在我们的 C/C++ 程序中开始使用 SQLite 之前,您需要确保在机器上设置了 SQLite 库。您可以查看 SQLite 安装章节以了解安装过程。 -
C/C++ 接口 API
以下是重要的 C/C++ SQLite 接口例程,它们可以满足您从 C/C++ 程序使用 SQLite 数据库的要求。如果您正在寻找更复杂的应用程序,那么您可以查看 SQLite 官方文档。序号 API & 描述 1 sqlite3_open(const char *filename, sqlite3 **ppDb)此例程打开与 SQLite 数据库文件的连接,并返回供其他 SQLite 例程使用的数据库连接对象。如果文件名参数为 NULL 或 ':memory:',sqlite3_open() 将在 RAM 中创建一个仅在会话期间持续的内存数据库。如果文件名不为 NULL,sqlite3_open() 将尝试使用其值打开数据库文件。如果不存在该名称的文件,sqlite3_open() 将打开该名称的新数据库文件。2 sqlite3_exec(sqlite3*, const char *sql, sqlite_callback, void *data, char **errmsg)该例程提供了一种快速、简单的方法来执行由 sql 参数提供的 SQL 命令,该参数可以包含多个 SQL 命令。这里,第一个参数sqlite3是一个开放的数据库对象,sqlite_callback是一个回调,其中data是第一个参数,并且 errmsg 将被返回以捕获例程引发的任何错误。SQLite3_exec() 例程解析并执行在 sql 直到它到达字符串的末尾或遇到错误。3 sqlite3_close(sqlite3*)此例程关闭先前通过调用 sqlite3_open() 打开的数据库连接。所有与连接相关的准备好的语句都应该在关闭连接之前完成。如果仍有任何未完成的查询,sqlite3_close() 将返回 SQLITE_BUSY 并显示错误消息 Unable to close due to unfinalized statements。 -
连接到数据库
以下 C 代码段显示了如何连接到现有数据库。如果数据库不存在,则将创建它并最终返回一个数据库对象。#include <stdio.h> #include <sqlite3.h> int main(int argc, char* argv[]) { sqlite3 *db; char *zErrMsg = 0; int rc; rc = sqlite3_open("test.db", &db); if( rc ) { fprintf(stderr, "Can't open database: %s\n", sqlite3_errmsg(db)); return(0); } else { fprintf(stderr, "Opened database successfully\n"); } sqlite3_close(db); }
现在,让我们编译并运行上面的程序来创建我们的数据库 test.db在当前目录中。您可以根据需要更改路径。$gcc test.c -l sqlite3 $./a.out Opened database successfully
如果您打算使用 C++ 源代码,那么您可以按如下方式编译您的代码 -$g++ test.c -l sqlite3
在这里,我们将我们的程序与 sqlite3 库链接起来,为 C 程序提供所需的功能。这将在您的目录中创建一个数据库文件 test.db,您将得到以下结果。-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 7383 May 8 02:06 a.out -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 323 May 8 02:05 test.c -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 May 8 02:06 test.db
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创建表
以下 C 代码段将用于在先前创建的数据库中创建表 -#include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <sqlite3.h> static int callback(void *NotUsed, int argc, char **argv, char **azColName) { int i; for(i = 0; i<argc; i++) { printf("%s = %s\n", azColName[i], argv[i] ? argv[i] : "NULL"); } printf("\n"); return 0; } int main(int argc, char* argv[]) { sqlite3 *db; char *zErrMsg = 0; int rc; char *sql; /* Open database */ rc = sqlite3_open("test.db", &db); if( rc ) { fprintf(stderr, "Can't open database: %s\n", sqlite3_errmsg(db)); return(0); } else { fprintf(stdout, "Opened database successfully\n"); } /* Create SQL statement */ sql = "CREATE TABLE COMPANY(" \ "ID INT PRIMARY KEY NOT NULL," \ "NAME TEXT NOT NULL," \ "AGE INT NOT NULL," \ "ADDRESS CHAR(50)," \ "SALARY REAL );"; /* Execute SQL statement */ rc = sqlite3_exec(db, sql, callback, 0, &zErrMsg); if( rc != SQLITE_OK ){ fprintf(stderr, "SQL error: %s\n", zErrMsg); sqlite3_free(zErrMsg); } else { fprintf(stdout, "Table created successfully\n"); } sqlite3_close(db); return 0; }
当上面的程序被编译和执行时,它会在你的 test.db 中创建 COMPANY 表,文件的最终列表如下 --rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 9567 May 8 02:31 a.out -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 1207 May 8 02:31 test.c -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 3072 May 8 02:31 test.db
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插入操作
以下 C 代码段显示了如何在上述示例中创建的 COMPANY 表中创建记录 -#include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <sqlite3.h> static int callback(void *NotUsed, int argc, char **argv, char **azColName) { int i; for(i = 0; i<argc; i++) { printf("%s = %s\n", azColName[i], argv[i] ? argv[i] : "NULL"); } printf("\n"); return 0; } int main(int argc, char* argv[]) { sqlite3 *db; char *zErrMsg = 0; int rc; char *sql; /* Open database */ rc = sqlite3_open("test.db", &db); if( rc ) { fprintf(stderr, "Can't open database: %s\n", sqlite3_errmsg(db)); return(0); } else { fprintf(stderr, "Opened database successfully\n"); } /* Create SQL statement */ sql = "INSERT INTO COMPANY (ID,NAME,AGE,ADDRESS,SALARY) " \ "VALUES (1, 'Paul', 32, 'California', 20000.00 ); " \ "INSERT INTO COMPANY (ID,NAME,AGE,ADDRESS,SALARY) " \ "VALUES (2, 'Allen', 25, 'Texas', 15000.00 ); " \ "INSERT INTO COMPANY (ID,NAME,AGE,ADDRESS,SALARY)" \ "VALUES (3, 'Teddy', 23, 'Norway', 20000.00 );" \ "INSERT INTO COMPANY (ID,NAME,AGE,ADDRESS,SALARY)" \ "VALUES (4, 'Mark', 25, 'Rich-Mond ', 65000.00 );"; /* Execute SQL statement */ rc = sqlite3_exec(db, sql, callback, 0, &zErrMsg); if( rc != SQLITE_OK ){ fprintf(stderr, "SQL error: %s\n", zErrMsg); sqlite3_free(zErrMsg); } else { fprintf(stdout, "Records created successfully\n"); } sqlite3_close(db); return 0; }
当上面的程序被编译和执行时,它会在 COMPANY 表中创建给定的记录并显示以下两行 -Opened database successfully Records created successfully
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选择操作
在继续进行获取记录的实际示例之前,让我们看一下我们在示例中使用的回调函数的一些细节。此回调提供了一种从 SELECT 语句获取结果的方法。它有以下声明 -typedef int (*sqlite3_callback)( void*, /* Data provided in the 4th argument of sqlite3_exec() */ int, /* The number of columns in row */ char**, /* An array of strings representing fields in the row */ char** /* An array of strings representing column names */ );
如果在 sqlite_exec() 例程中提供了上述回调作为第三个参数,SQLite 将为在 SQL 参数中执行的每个 SELECT 语句中处理的每个记录调用此回调函数。以下 C 代码段显示了如何从上面示例中创建的 COMPANY 表中获取和显示记录 -#include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <sqlite3.h> static int callback(void *data, int argc, char **argv, char **azColName){ int i; fprintf(stderr, "%s: ", (const char*)data); for(i = 0; i<argc; i++){ printf("%s = %s\n", azColName[i], argv[i] ? argv[i] : "NULL"); } printf("\n"); return 0; } int main(int argc, char* argv[]) { sqlite3 *db; char *zErrMsg = 0; int rc; char *sql; const char* data = "Callback function called"; /* Open database */ rc = sqlite3_open("test.db", &db); if( rc ) { fprintf(stderr, "Can't open database: %s\n", sqlite3_errmsg(db)); return(0); } else { fprintf(stderr, "Opened database successfully\n"); } /* Create SQL statement */ sql = "SELECT * from COMPANY"; /* Execute SQL statement */ rc = sqlite3_exec(db, sql, callback, (void*)data, &zErrMsg); if( rc != SQLITE_OK ) { fprintf(stderr, "SQL error: %s\n", zErrMsg); sqlite3_free(zErrMsg); } else { fprintf(stdout, "Operation done successfully\n"); } sqlite3_close(db); return 0; }
上述程序编译执行后,会产生如下结果。Opened database successfully Callback function called: ID = 1 NAME = Paul AGE = 32 ADDRESS = California SALARY = 20000.0 Callback function called: ID = 2 NAME = Allen AGE = 25 ADDRESS = Texas SALARY = 15000.0 Callback function called: ID = 3 NAME = Teddy AGE = 23 ADDRESS = Norway SALARY = 20000.0 Callback function called: ID = 4 NAME = Mark AGE = 25 ADDRESS = Rich-Mond SALARY = 65000.0 Operation done successfully
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更新操作
以下 C 代码段显示了我们如何使用 UPDATE 语句更新任何记录,然后从 COMPANY 表中获取和显示更新的记录。#include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <sqlite3.h> static int callback(void *data, int argc, char **argv, char **azColName){ int i; fprintf(stderr, "%s: ", (const char*)data); for(i = 0; i<argc; i++) { printf("%s = %s\n", azColName[i], argv[i] ? argv[i] : "NULL"); } printf("\n"); return 0; } int main(int argc, char* argv[]) { sqlite3 *db; char *zErrMsg = 0; int rc; char *sql; const char* data = "Callback function called"; /* Open database */ rc = sqlite3_open("test.db", &db); if( rc ) { fprintf(stderr, "Can't open database: %s\n", sqlite3_errmsg(db)); return(0); } else { fprintf(stderr, "Opened database successfully\n"); } /* Create merged SQL statement */ sql = "UPDATE COMPANY set SALARY = 25000.00 where ID=1; " \ "SELECT * from COMPANY"; /* Execute SQL statement */ rc = sqlite3_exec(db, sql, callback, (void*)data, &zErrMsg); if( rc != SQLITE_OK ) { fprintf(stderr, "SQL error: %s\n", zErrMsg); sqlite3_free(zErrMsg); } else { fprintf(stdout, "Operation done successfully\n"); } sqlite3_close(db); return 0; }
上述程序编译执行后,会产生如下结果。Opened database successfully Callback function called: ID = 1 NAME = Paul AGE = 32 ADDRESS = California SALARY = 25000.0 Callback function called: ID = 2 NAME = Allen AGE = 25 ADDRESS = Texas SALARY = 15000.0 Callback function called: ID = 3 NAME = Teddy AGE = 23 ADDRESS = Norway SALARY = 20000.0 Callback function called: ID = 4 NAME = Mark AGE = 25 ADDRESS = Rich-Mond SALARY = 65000.0 Operation done successfully
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删除操作
以下 C 代码段显示了如何使用 DELETE 语句删除任何记录,然后从 COMPANY 表中获取并显示剩余的记录。#include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <sqlite3.h> static int callback(void *data, int argc, char **argv, char **azColName) { int i; fprintf(stderr, "%s: ", (const char*)data); for(i = 0; i<argc; i++) { printf("%s = %s\n", azColName[i], argv[i] ? argv[i] : "NULL"); } printf("\n"); return 0; } int main(int argc, char* argv[]) { sqlite3 *db; char *zErrMsg = 0; int rc; char *sql; const char* data = "Callback function called"; /* Open database */ rc = sqlite3_open("test.db", &db); if( rc ) { fprintf(stderr, "Can't open database: %s\n", sqlite3_errmsg(db)); return(0); } else { fprintf(stderr, "Opened database successfully\n"); } /* Create merged SQL statement */ sql = "DELETE from COMPANY where ID=2; " \ "SELECT * from COMPANY"; /* Execute SQL statement */ rc = sqlite3_exec(db, sql, callback, (void*)data, &zErrMsg); if( rc != SQLITE_OK ) { fprintf(stderr, "SQL error: %s\n", zErrMsg); sqlite3_free(zErrMsg); } else { fprintf(stdout, "Operation done successfully\n"); } sqlite3_close(db); return 0; }
上述程序编译执行后,会产生如下结果。Opened database successfully Callback function called: ID = 1 NAME = Paul AGE = 32 ADDRESS = California SALARY = 20000.0 Callback function called: ID = 3 NAME = Teddy AGE = 23 ADDRESS = Norway SALARY = 20000.0 Callback function called: ID = 4 NAME = Mark AGE = 25 ADDRESS = Rich-Mond SALARY = 65000.0 Operation done successfully