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  PostgreSQL - 语法

  • 简述

    本章提供了 PostgreSQL SQL 命令的列表，以及每个命令的精确语法规则。这组命令取自 psql 命令行工具。现在您已经安装了 Postgres，打开 psql 为 -
    Program Files → PostgreSQL 9.2 → SQL Shell(psql).
    使用 psql，您可以使用 \help 命令生成完整的命令列表。对于特定命令的语法，请使用以下命令 - 
    
 postgres-# \help <command_name>

  • SQL 语句

    SQL 语句由标记组成，其中每个标记可以表示关键字、标识符、带引号的标识符、常量或特殊字符符号。下表使用一个简单的 SELECT 语句来说明一个基本但完整的 SQL 语句及其组件。
    SELECT id, name FROM states
    Token Type 关键词 标识符 关键词 标识符
    描述 命令 ID 和名称列 子句 表名

  • PostgreSQL SQL 命令

    ABORT

    中止当前事务。 
    
ABORT [ WORK | TRANSACTION ]

    ALTER AGGREGATE

    更改聚合函数的定义。 
    
ALTER AGGREGATE name ( type ) RENAME TO new_name
ALTER AGGREGATE name ( type ) OWNER TO new_owner

    ALTER CONVERSION

    更改转换的定义。 
    
ALTER CONVERSION name RENAME TO new_name
ALTER CONVERSION name OWNER TO new_owner

    ALTER DATABASE

    更改数据库特定参数。 
    
ALTER DATABASE name SET parameter { TO | = } { value | DEFAULT }
ALTER DATABASE name RESET parameter
ALTER DATABASE name RENAME TO new_name
ALTER DATABASE name OWNER TO new_owner

    ALTER DOMAIN

    更改域特定参数的定义。 
    
ALTER DOMAIN name { SET DEFAULT expression | DROP DEFAULT }
ALTER DOMAIN name { SET | DROP } NOT NULL
ALTER DOMAIN name ADD domain_constraint
ALTER DOMAIN name DROP CONSTRAINT constraint_name [ RESTRICT | CASCADE ]
ALTER DOMAIN name OWNER TO new_owner

    ALTER FUNCTION

    更改函数的定义。 
    
ALTER FUNCTION name ( [ type [, ...] ] ) RENAME TO new_name
ALTER FUNCTION name ( [ type [, ...] ] ) OWNER TO new_owner

    ALTER GROUP

    更改用户组。 
    
ALTER GROUP groupname ADD USER username [, ... ]
ALTER GROUP groupname DROP USER username [, ... ]
ALTER GROUP groupname RENAME TO new_name

    ALTER INDEX

    更改索引的定义。 
    
ALTER INDEX name OWNER TO new_owner
ALTER INDEX name SET TABLESPACE indexspace_name
ALTER INDEX name RENAME TO new_name

    ALTER LANGUAGE

    更改程序语言的定义。 
    
ALTER LANGUAGE name RENAME TO new_name

    ALTER OPERATOR

    更改运算符的定义。 
    
ALTER OPERATOR name ( { lefttype | NONE }, { righttype | NONE } )
OWNER TO new_owner

    ALTER OPERATOR CLASS

    更改运算符类的定义。 
    
ALTER OPERATOR CLASS name USING index_method RENAME TO new_name
ALTER OPERATOR CLASS name USING index_method OWNER TO new_owner

    ALTER SCHEMA

    更改模式的定义。 
    
ALTER SCHEMA name RENAME TO new_name
ALTER SCHEMA name OWNER TO new_owner

    ALTER SEQUENCE

    更改序列生成器的定义。 
    
ALTER SEQUENCE name [ INCREMENT [ BY ] increment ]
[ MINVALUE minvalue | NO MINVALUE ]
[ MAXVALUE maxvalue | NO MAXVALUE ]
[ RESTART [ WITH ] start ] [ CACHE cache ] [ [ NO ] CYCLE ]

    ALTER TABLE

    更改表的定义。 
    
ALTER TABLE [ ONLY ] name [ * ]
action [, ... ]
ALTER TABLE [ ONLY ] name [ * ]
RENAME [ COLUMN ] column TO new_column
ALTER TABLE name
RENAME TO new_name
    行动是以下几行之一- 
    
ADD [ COLUMN ] column_type [ column_constraint [ ... ] ]
DROP [ COLUMN ] column [ RESTRICT | CASCADE ]
ALTER [ COLUMN ] column TYPE type [ USING expression ]
ALTER [ COLUMN ] column SET DEFAULT expression
ALTER [ COLUMN ] column DROP DEFAULT
ALTER [ COLUMN ] column { SET | DROP } NOT NULL
ALTER [ COLUMN ] column SET STATISTICS integer
ALTER [ COLUMN ] column SET STORAGE { PLAIN | EXTERNAL | EXTENDED | MAIN }
ADD table_constraint
DROP CONSTRAINT constraint_name [ RESTRICT | CASCADE ]
CLUSTER ON index_name
SET WITHOUT CLUSTER
SET WITHOUT OIDS
OWNER TO new_owner
SET TABLESPACE tablespace_name

    ALTER TABLESPACE

    更改表空间的定义。 
    
ALTER TABLESPACE name RENAME TO new_name
ALTER TABLESPACE name OWNER TO new_owner

    ALTER TRIGGER

    更改触发器的定义。 
    
ALTER TRIGGER name ON table RENAME TO new_name

    ALTER TYPE

    更改类型的定义。 
    
ALTER TYPE name OWNER TO new_owner

    ALTER USER

    更改数据库用户帐户。 
    
ALTER USER name [ [ WITH ] option [ ... ] ]
ALTER USER name RENAME TO new_name
ALTER USER name SET parameter { TO | = } { value | DEFAULT }
ALTER USER name RESET parameter
    选项可以在哪里- 
    
[ ENCRYPTED | UNENCRYPTED ] PASSWORD 'password'
| CREATEDB | NOCREATEDB
| CREATEUSER | NOCREATEUSER
| VALID UNTIL 'abstime'

    ANALYZE

    收集有关数据库的统计信息。 
    
ANALYZE [ VERBOSE ] [ table [ (column [, ...] ) ] ]

    BEGIN

    启动一个事务块。 
    
BEGIN [ WORK | TRANSACTION ] [ transaction_mode [, ...] ]
    其中transaction_mode是以下之一 - 
    
ISOLATION LEVEL { 
   SERIALIZABLE | REPEATABLE READ | READ COMMITTED
   | READ UNCOMMITTED
}
READ WRITE | READ ONLY

    CHECKPOINT

    强制事务日志检查点。 
    
CHECKPOINT

    CLOSE

    关闭游标。 
    
CLOSE name

    CLUSTER

    根据索引对表进行聚类。 
    
CLUSTER index_name ON table_name
CLUSTER table_name
CLUSTER

    COMMENT

    定义或更改对象的注释。 
    
COMMENT ON {
   TABLE object_name |
   COLUMN table_name.column_name |
   AGGREGATE agg_name (agg_type) |
   CAST (source_type AS target_type) |
   CONSTRAINT constraint_name ON table_name |
   CONVERSION object_name |
   DATABASE object_name |
   DOMAIN object_name |
   FUNCTION func_name (arg1_type, arg2_type, ...) |
   INDEX object_name |
   LARGE OBJECT large_object_oid |
   OPERATOR op (left_operand_type, right_operand_type) |
   OPERATOR CLASS object_name USING index_method |
   [ PROCEDURAL ] LANGUAGE object_name |
   RULE rule_name ON table_name |
   SCHEMA object_name |
   SEQUENCE object_name |
   TRIGGER trigger_name ON table_name |
   TYPE object_name |
   VIEW object_name
} 
IS 'text'

    COMMIT

    提交当前事务。 
    
COMMIT [ WORK | TRANSACTION ]

    COPY

    在文件和表之间复制数据。 
    
COPY table_name [ ( column [, ...] ) ]
FROM { 'filename' | STDIN }
[ WITH ]
[ BINARY ]
[ OIDS ]
[ DELIMITER [ AS ] 'delimiter' ]
[ NULL [ AS ] 'null string' ]
[ CSV [ QUOTE [ AS ] 'quote' ]
[ ESCAPE [ AS ] 'escape' ]
[ FORCE NOT NULL column [, ...] ]
COPY table_name [ ( column [, ...] ) ]
TO { 'filename' | STDOUT }
[ [ WITH ]
[ BINARY ]
[ OIDS ]
[ DELIMITER [ AS ] 'delimiter' ]
[ NULL [ AS ] 'null string' ]
[ CSV [ QUOTE [ AS ] 'quote' ]
[ ESCAPE [ AS ] 'escape' ]
[ FORCE QUOTE column [, ...] ]

    CREATE AGGREGATE

    定义一个新的聚合函数。 
    
CREATE AGGREGATE name (
   BASETYPE = input_data_type,
   SFUNC = sfunc,
   STYPE = state_data_type
   [, FINALFUNC = ffunc ]
   [, INITCOND = initial_condition ]
)

    CREATE CAST

    定义一个新的演员表。 
    
CREATE CAST (source_type AS target_type)
WITH FUNCTION func_name (arg_types)
[ AS ASSIGNMENT | AS IMPLICIT ]
CREATE CAST (source_type AS target_type)
WITHOUT FUNCTION
[ AS ASSIGNMENT | AS IMPLICIT ]

    CREATE CONSTRAINT TRIGGER

    定义一个新的约束触发器。 
    
CREATE CONSTRAINT TRIGGER name
AFTER events ON
table_name constraint attributes
FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE func_name ( args )

    CREATE CONVERSION

    定义一个新的转换。 
    
CREATE [DEFAULT] CONVERSION name
FOR source_encoding TO dest_encoding FROM func_name

    CREATE DATABASE

    创建一个新的数据库。 
    
CREATE DATABASE name
[ [ WITH ] [ OWNER [=] db_owner ]
   [ TEMPLATE [=] template ]
   [ ENCODING [=] encoding ]
   [ TABLESPACE [=] tablespace ] 
]

    CREATE DOMAIN

    定义一个新域。 
    
CREATE DOMAIN name [AS] data_type
[ DEFAULT expression ]
[ constraint [ ... ] ]
    约束是- 
    
[ CONSTRAINT constraint_name ]
{ NOT NULL | NULL | CHECK (expression) }

    CREATE FUNCTION

    定义一个新函数。 
    
CREATE [ OR REPLACE ] FUNCTION name ( [ [ arg_name ] arg_type [, ...] ] )
RETURNS ret_type
{ LANGUAGE lang_name
   | IMMUTABLE | STABLE | VOLATILE
   | CALLED ON NULL INPUT | RETURNS NULL ON NULL INPUT | STRICT
   | [ EXTERNAL ] SECURITY INVOKER | [ EXTERNAL ] SECURITY DEFINER
   | AS 'definition'
   | AS 'obj_file', 'link_symbol'
} ...
[ WITH ( attribute [, ...] ) ]

    CREATE GROUP

    定义一个新的用户组。 
    
CREATE GROUP name [ [ WITH ] option [ ... ] ]
Where option can be:
SYSID gid
| USER username [, ...]

    CREATE INDEX

    定义一个新的索引。 
    
CREATE [ UNIQUE ] INDEX name ON table [ USING method ]
( { column | ( expression ) } [ opclass ] [, ...] )
[ TABLESPACE tablespace ]
[ WHERE predicate ]

    CREATE LANGUAGE

    定义一种新的程序语言。 
    
CREATE [ TRUSTED ] [ PROCEDURAL ] LANGUAGE name
HANDLER call_handler [ VALIDATOR val_function ]

    CREATE OPERATOR

    定义一个新的运算符。 
    
CREATE OPERATOR name (
   PROCEDURE = func_name
   [, LEFTARG = left_type ] [, RIGHTARG = right_type ]
   [, COMMUTATOR = com_op ] [, NEGATOR = neg_op ]
   [, RESTRICT = res_proc ] [, JOIN = join_proc ]
   [, HASHES ] [, MERGES ]
   [, SORT1 = left_sort_op ] [, SORT2 = right_sort_op ]
   [, LTCMP = less_than_op ] [, GTCMP = greater_than_op ]
)

    CREATE OPERATOR CLASS

    定义一个新的操作符类。 
    
CREATE OPERATOR CLASS name [ DEFAULT ] FOR TYPE data_type
USING index_method AS
{ OPERATOR strategy_number operator_name [ ( op_type, op_type ) ] [ RECHECK ]
   | FUNCTION support_number func_name ( argument_type [, ...] )
   | STORAGE storage_type
} [, ... ]

    CREATE RULE

    定义新的重写规则。 
    
CREATE [ OR REPLACE ] RULE name AS ON event
TO table [ WHERE condition ]
DO [ ALSO | INSTEAD ] { NOTHING | command | ( command ; command ... ) }

    CREATE SCHEMA

    定义一个新模式。 
    
CREATE SCHEMA schema_name
[ AUTHORIZATION username ] [ schema_element [ ... ] ]
CREATE SCHEMA AUTHORIZATION username
[ schema_element [ ... ] ]

    CREATE SEQUENCE

    定义一个新的序列生成器。 
    
CREATE [ TEMPORARY | TEMP ] SEQUENCE name
[ INCREMENT [ BY ] increment ]
[ MINVALUE minvalue | NO MINVALUE ]
[ MAXVALUE maxvalue | NO MAXVALUE ]
[ START [ WITH ] start ] [ CACHE cache ] [ [ NO ] CYCLE ]

    CREATE TABLE

    定义一个新表。 
    
CREATE [ [ GLOBAL | LOCAL ] { 
   TEMPORARY | TEMP } ] TABLE table_name ( { 
      column_name data_type [ DEFAULT default_expr ] [ column_constraint [ ... ] ]
      | table_constraint
      | LIKE parent_table [ { INCLUDING | EXCLUDING } DEFAULTS ] 
   } [, ... ]
)
[ INHERITS ( parent_table [, ... ] ) ]
[ WITH OIDS | WITHOUT OIDS ]
[ ON COMMIT { PRESERVE ROWS | DELETE ROWS | DROP } ]
[ TABLESPACE tablespace ]
    其中column_constraint是 - 
    
[ CONSTRAINT constraint_name ] { 
   NOT NULL |
   NULL |
   UNIQUE [ USING INDEX TABLESPACE tablespace ] |
   PRIMARY KEY [ USING INDEX TABLESPACE tablespace ] |
   CHECK (expression) |
   REFERENCES ref_table [ ( ref_column ) ]
   [ MATCH FULL | MATCH PARTIAL | MATCH SIMPLE ]
   [ ON DELETE action ] [ ON UPDATE action ] 
}
[ DEFERRABLE | NOT DEFERRABLE ] [ INITIALLY DEFERRED | INITIALLY IMMEDIATE ]
    而table_constraint是 - 
    
[ CONSTRAINT constraint_name ]
{ UNIQUE ( column_name [, ... ] ) [ USING INDEX TABLESPACE tablespace ] |
PRIMARY KEY ( column_name [, ... ] ) [ USING INDEX TABLESPACE tablespace ] |
CHECK ( expression ) |
FOREIGN KEY ( column_name [, ... ] )
REFERENCES ref_table [ ( ref_column [, ... ] ) ]
[ MATCH FULL | MATCH PARTIAL | MATCH SIMPLE ]
[ ON DELETE action ] [ ON UPDATE action ] }
[ DEFERRABLE | NOT DEFERRABLE ] [ INITIALLY DEFERRED | INITIALLY IMMEDIATE ]

    CREATE TABLE AS

    根据查询结果定义一个新表。 
    
CREATE [ [ GLOBAL | LOCAL ] { TEMPORARY | TEMP } ] TABLE table_name
[ (column_name [, ...] ) ] [ [ WITH | WITHOUT ] OIDS ]
AS query

    CREATE TABLESPACE

    定义一个新的表空间。 
    
CREATE TABLESPACE tablespace_name [ OWNER username ] LOCATION 'directory'

    CREATE TRIGGER

    定义一个新的触发器。 
    
CREATE TRIGGER name { BEFORE | AFTER } { event [ OR ... ] }
ON table [ FOR [ EACH ] { ROW | STATEMENT } ]
EXECUTE PROCEDURE func_name ( arguments )

    CREATE TYPE

    定义一个新的数据类型。 
    
CREATE TYPE name AS
( attribute_name data_type [, ... ] )
CREATE TYPE name (
INPUT = input_function,
OUTPUT = output_function
[, RECEIVE = receive_function ]
[, SEND = send_function ]
[, ANALYZE = analyze_function ]
[, INTERNALLENGTH = { internal_length | VARIABLE } ]
[, PASSEDBYVALUE ]
[, ALIGNMENT = alignment ]
[, STORAGE = storage ]
[, DEFAULT = default ]
[, ELEMENT = element ]
[, DELIMITER = delimiter ]
)

    CREATE USER

    定义一个新的数据库用户帐户。 
    
CREATE USER name [ [ WITH ] option [ ... ] ]
    选项可以在哪里- 
    
SYSID uid
| [ ENCRYPTED | UNENCRYPTED ] PASSWORD 'password'
| CREATEDB | NOCREATEDB
| CREATEUSER | NOCREATEUSER
| IN GROUP group_name [, ...]
| VALID UNTIL 'abs_time'

    CREATE VIEW

    定义一个新视图。 
    
CREATE [ OR REPLACE ] VIEW name [ ( column_name [, ...] ) ] AS query

    DEALLOCATE

    取消分配准备好的语句。 
    
DEALLOCATE [ PREPARE ] plan_name

    DECLARE

    定义一个游标。 
    
DECLARE name [ BINARY ] [ INSENSITIVE ] [ [ NO ] SCROLL ]
CURSOR [ { WITH | WITHOUT } HOLD ] FOR query
[ FOR { READ ONLY | UPDATE [ OF column [, ...] ] } ]

    DELETE

    删除表的行。 
    
DELETE FROM [ ONLY ] table [ WHERE condition ]

    DROP AGGREGATE

    删除聚合函数。 
    
DROP AGGREGATE name ( type ) [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]

    DROP CAST

    移除演员表。 
    
DROP CAST (source_type AS target_type) [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]

    DROP CONVERSION

    删除转换。 
    
DROP CONVERSION name [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]

    DROP DATABASE

    删除数据库。 
    
DROP DATABASE name

    DROP DOMAIN

    删除域。 
    
DROP DOMAIN name [, ...] [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]

    DROP FUNCTION

    删除一个函数。 
    
DROP FUNCTION name ( [ type [, ...] ] ) [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]

    DROP GROUP

    删除用户组。 
    
DROP GROUP name

    DROP INDEX

    删除索引。 
    
DROP INDEX name [, ...] [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]

    DROP LANGUAGE

    删除程序语言。 
    
DROP [ PROCEDURAL ] LANGUAGE name [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]

    DROP OPERATOR

    删除运算符。 
    
DROP OPERATOR name ( { left_type | NONE }, { right_type | NONE } )
[ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]

    DROP OPERATOR CLASS

    删除一个运算符类。 
    
DROP OPERATOR CLASS name USING index_method [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]

    DROP RULE

    删除重写规则。 
    
DROP RULE name ON relation [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]

    DROP SCHEMA

    删除架构。 
    
DROP SCHEMA name [, ...] [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]

    DROP SEQUENCE

    删除一个序列。 
    
DROP SEQUENCE name [, ...] [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]

    DROP TABLE

    删除一个表。 
    
DROP TABLE name [, ...] [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]

    DROP TABLESPACE

    删除一个表空间。 
    
DROP TABLESPACE tablespace_name

    DROP TRIGGER

    移除触发器。 
    
DROP TRIGGER name ON table [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]

    DROP TYPE

    删除数据类型。 
    
DROP TYPE name [, ...] [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]

    DROP USER

    删除数据库用户帐户。 
    
DROP USER name

    DROP VIEW

    删除视图。 
    
DROP VIEW name [, ...] [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]

    END

    提交当前事务。 
    
END [ WORK | TRANSACTION ]

    EXECUTE

    执行准备好的语句。 
    
EXECUTE plan_name [ (parameter [, ...] ) ]

    EXPLAIN

    显示语句的执行计划。 
    
EXPLAIN [ ANALYZE ] [ VERBOSE ] statement

    FETCH

    使用游标从查询中检索行。 
    
FETCH [ direction { FROM | IN } ] cursor_name
    方向可以是空的或以下之一 - 
    
NEXT
PRIOR
FIRST
LAST
ABSOLUTE count
RELATIVE count
count
ALL
FORWARD
FORWARD count
FORWARD ALL
BACKWARD
BACKWARD count
BACKWARD ALL

    GRANT

    定义访问权限。 
    
GRANT { { SELECT | INSERT | UPDATE | DELETE | RULE | REFERENCES | TRIGGER }
[,...] | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
ON [ TABLE ] table_name [, ...]
TO { username | GROUP group_name | PUBLIC } [, ...] [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]
GRANT { { CREATE | TEMPORARY | TEMP } [,...] | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
ON DATABASE db_name [, ...]
TO { username | GROUP group_name | PUBLIC } [, ...] [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]
GRANT { CREATE | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
ON TABLESPACE tablespace_name [, ...]
TO { username | GROUP group_name | PUBLIC } [, ...] [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]
GRANT { EXECUTE | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
ON FUNCTION func_name ([type, ...]) [, ...]
TO { username | GROUP group_name | PUBLIC } [, ...] [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]
GRANT { USAGE | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
ON LANGUAGE lang_name [, ...]
TO { username | GROUP group_name | PUBLIC } [, ...] [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]
GRANT { { CREATE | USAGE } [,...] | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
ON SCHEMA schema_name [, ...]
TO { username | GROUP group_name | PUBLIC } [, ...] [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]

    INSERT

    在表中创建新行。 
    
INSERT INTO table [ ( column [, ...] ) ]
{ DEFAULT VALUES | VALUES ( { expression | DEFAULT } [, ...] ) | query }

    LISTEN

    收听通知。 
    
LISTEN name

    LOAD

    加载或重新加载共享库文件。 
    
LOAD 'filename'

    LOCK

    锁定一张桌子。 
    
LOCK [ TABLE ] name [, ...] [ IN lock_mode MODE ] [ NOWAIT ]
    其中lock_mode是其中之一 - 
    
ACCESS SHARE | ROW SHARE | ROW EXCLUSIVE | SHARE UPDATE EXCLUSIVE
| SHARE | SHARE ROW EXCLUSIVE | EXCLUSIVE | ACCESS EXCLUSIVE

    MOVE

    定位光标。 
    
MOVE [ direction { FROM | IN } ] cursor_name

    NOTIFY

    生成通知。 
    
NOTIFY name

    PREPARE

    准备执行语句。 
    
PREPARE plan_name [ (data_type [, ...] ) ] AS statement

    REINDEX

    重建索引。 
    
REINDEX { DATABASE | TABLE | INDEX } name [ FORCE ]

    RELEASE SAVEPOINT

    销毁先前定义的保存点。 
    
RELEASE [ SAVEPOINT ] savepoint_name

    RESET

    将运行时参数的值恢复为默认值。 
    
RESET name
RESET ALL

    REVOKE

    删除访问权限。 
    
REVOKE [ GRANT OPTION FOR ]
{ { SELECT | INSERT | UPDATE | DELETE | RULE | REFERENCES | TRIGGER }
[,...] | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
ON [ TABLE ] table_name [, ...]
FROM { username | GROUP group_name | PUBLIC } [, ...]
[ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]
REVOKE [ GRANT OPTION FOR ]
{ { CREATE | TEMPORARY | TEMP } [,...] | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
ON DATABASE db_name [, ...]
FROM { username | GROUP group_name | PUBLIC } [, ...]
[ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]
REVOKE [ GRANT OPTION FOR ]
{ CREATE | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
ON TABLESPACE tablespace_name [, ...]
FROM { username | GROUP group_name | PUBLIC } [, ...]
[ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]
REVOKE [ GRANT OPTION FOR ]
{ EXECUTE | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
ON FUNCTION func_name ([type, ...]) [, ...]
FROM { username | GROUP group_name | PUBLIC } [, ...]
[ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]
REVOKE [ GRANT OPTION FOR ]
{ USAGE | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
ON LANGUAGE lang_name [, ...]
FROM { username | GROUP group_name | PUBLIC } [, ...]
[ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]
REVOKE [ GRANT OPTION FOR ]
{ { CREATE | USAGE } [,...] | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
ON SCHEMA schema_name [, ...]
FROM { username | GROUP group_name | PUBLIC } [, ...]
[ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]

    ROLLBACK

    中止当前事务。 
    
ROLLBACK [ WORK | TRANSACTION ]

    ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT

    回滚到保存点。 
    
ROLLBACK [ WORK | TRANSACTION ] TO [ SAVEPOINT ] savepoint_name

    SAVEPOINT

    在当前事务中定义一个新的保存点。 
    
SAVEPOINT savepoint_name

    SELECT

    从表或视图中检索行。 
    
SELECT [ ALL | DISTINCT [ ON ( expression [, ...] ) ] ]
* | expression [ AS output_name ] [, ...]
[ FROM from_item [, ...] ]
[ WHERE condition ]
[ GROUP BY expression [, ...] ]
[ HAVING condition [, ...] ]
[ { UNION | INTERSECT | EXCEPT } [ ALL ] select ]
[ ORDER BY expression [ ASC | DESC | USING operator ] [, ...] ]
[ LIMIT { count | ALL } ]
[ OFFSET start ]
[ FOR UPDATE [ OF table_name [, ...] ] ]
    其中from_item可以是以下之一： 
    
[ ONLY ] table_name [ * ] [ [ AS ] alias [ ( column_alias [, ...] ) ] ]
( select ) [ AS ] alias [ ( column_alias [, ...] ) ]
function_name ( [ argument [, ...] ] )
[ AS ] alias [ ( column_alias [, ...] | column_definition [, ...] ) ]
function_name ( [ argument [, ...] ] ) AS ( column_definition [, ...] )
from_item [ NATURAL ] join_type from_item
[ ON join_condition | USING ( join_column [, ...] ) ]

    SELECT INTO

    根据查询结果定义一个新表。 
    
SELECT [ ALL | DISTINCT [ ON ( expression [, ...] ) ] ]
* | expression [ AS output_name ] [, ...]
INTO [ TEMPORARY | TEMP ] [ TABLE ] new_table
[ FROM from_item [, ...] ]
[ WHERE condition ]
[ GROUP BY expression [, ...] ]
[ HAVING condition [, ...] ]
[ { UNION | INTERSECT | EXCEPT } [ ALL ] select ]
[ ORDER BY expression [ ASC | DESC | USING operator ] [, ...] ]
[ LIMIT { count | ALL } ]
[ OFFSET start ]
[ FOR UPDATE [ OF table_name [, ...] ] ]

    SET

    更改运行时参数。 
    
SET [ SESSION | LOCAL ] name { TO | = } { value | 'value' | DEFAULT }
SET [ SESSION | LOCAL ] TIME ZONE { time_zone | LOCAL | DEFAULT }

    SET CONSTRAINTS

    为当前事务设置约束检查模式。 
    
SET CONSTRAINTS { ALL | name [, ...] } { DEFERRED | IMMEDIATE }

    SET SESSION AUTHORIZATION

    设置会话用户标识和当前会话的当前用户标识。 
    
SET [ SESSION | LOCAL ] SESSION AUTHORIZATION username
SET [ SESSION | LOCAL ] SESSION AUTHORIZATION DEFAULT
RESET SESSION AUTHORIZATION

    SET TRANSACTION

    设置当前事务的特征。 
    
SET TRANSACTION transaction_mode [, ...]
SET SESSION CHARACTERISTICS AS TRANSACTION transaction_mode [, ...]
    其中transaction_mode是以下之一 - 
    
ISOLATION LEVEL { SERIALIZABLE | REPEATABLE READ | READ COMMITTED
| READ UNCOMMITTED }
READ WRITE | READ ONLY

    SHOW

    显示运行时参数的值。 
    
SHOW name
SHOW ALL

    START TRANSACTION

    启动一个事务块。 
    
START TRANSACTION [ transaction_mode [, ...] ]
    其中transaction_mode是以下之一 - 
    
ISOLATION LEVEL { SERIALIZABLE | REPEATABLE READ | READ COMMITTED
| READ UNCOMMITTED }
READ WRITE | READ ONLY

    TRUNCATE

    清空一张桌子。 
    
TRUNCATE [ TABLE ] name

    UNLISTEN

    停止收听通知。 
    
UNLISTEN { name | * }

    UPDATE

    更新表的行。 
    
UPDATE [ ONLY ] table SET column = { expression | DEFAULT } [, ...]
[ FROM from_list ]
[ WHERE condition ]

    VACUUM

    垃圾收集和可选分析数据库。 
    
VACUUM [ FULL ] [ FREEZE ] [ VERBOSE ] [ table ]
VACUUM [ FULL ] [ FREEZE ] [ VERBOSE ] ANALYZE [ table [ (column [, ...] ) ] ]
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