VB.Net 类和对象
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类和对象
定义类时,将为数据类型定义一个蓝图。这实际上并没有定义任何数据,但确实定义了类名的含义,即,类的对象将由什么组成,以及可以对该对象执行哪些操作。对象是类的实例。构成类的方法和变量称为该类的成员。 -
类定义
类定义以关键字Class开头,后跟类名称。和类主体,以End Class语句结束。以下是类定义的一般形式-[ <attributelist> ] [ accessmodifier ] [ Shadows ] [ MustInherit | NotInheritable ] [ Partial ] _ Class name [ ( Of typelist ) ] [ Inherits classname ] [ Implements interfacenames ] [ statements ] End Class
说明- attributelist - 是适用于该类的属性的列表。可选的。
- accessmodifier - 定义类的访问级别,其值为-公共,受保护,朋友,受保护的朋友和私人。可选的。
- Shadows - 表示变量在基类中重新声明并隐藏了同名元素或一组重载元素。可选的。
- MustInherit - 指定该类只能用作基类,并且不能直接从该对象创建对象,即抽象类。可选的。
- NotInheritable - 指定该类不能用作基类。
- Partial - 表示类的部分定义。
- Inherits - 指定要从其继承的基类。
- Implements - 指定类要从其继承的接口。
- statements - 实现的具体代码
以下示例演示了Box类,其中包含三个数据成员,长度,宽度和高度-
尝试一下Module mybox Class Box Public length As Double ' Length of a box Public breadth As Double ' Breadth of a box Public height As Double ' Height of a box End Class Sub Main() Dim Box1 As Box = New Box() ' Declare Box1 of type Box Dim Box2 As Box = New Box() ' Declare Box2 of type Box Dim volume As Double = 0.0 ' Store the volume of a box here ' box 1 specification Box1.height = 5.0 Box1.length = 6.0 Box1.breadth = 7.0 ' box 2 specification Box2.height = 10.0 Box2.length = 12.0 Box2.breadth = 13.0 'volume of box 1 volume = Box1.height * Box1.length * Box1.breadth Console.WriteLine("Volume of Box1 : {0}", volume) 'volume of box 2 volume = Box2.height * Box2.length * Box2.breadth Console.WriteLine("Volume of Box2 : {0}", volume) Console.ReadKey() End Sub End Module
编译并执行上述代码后,将产生以下结果-Volume of Box1 : 210 Volume of Box2 : 1560
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成员函数和封装
类的成员函数是一个在类定义中具有其定义或原型的函数,就像其他任何变量一样。它可以对属于其的类的任何对象进行操作,并且可以访问该对象的类的所有成员。成员变量是对象的属性(从设计的角度来看),并且对它们进行私有化以实现封装。这些变量只能使用公共成员函数访问。让我们提出以上概念来设置和获取类中不同类成员的值-
尝试一下Module mybox Class Box Public length As Double ' Length of a box Public breadth As Double ' Breadth of a box Public height As Double ' Height of a box Public Sub setLength(ByVal len As Double) length = len End Sub Public Sub setBreadth(ByVal bre As Double) breadth = bre End Sub Public Sub setHeight(ByVal hei As Double) height = hei End Sub Public Function getVolume() As Double Return length * breadth * height End Function End Class Sub Main() Dim Box1 As Box = New Box() ' Declare Box1 of type Box Dim Box2 As Box = New Box() ' Declare Box2 of type Box Dim volume As Double = 0.0 ' Store the volume of a box here ' box 1 specification Box1.setLength(6.0) Box1.setBreadth(7.0) Box1.setHeight(5.0) 'box 2 specification Box2.setLength(12.0) Box2.setBreadth(13.0) Box2.setHeight(10.0) ' volume of box 1 volume = Box1.getVolume() Console.WriteLine("Volume of Box1 : {0}", volume) 'volume of box 2 volume = Box2.getVolume() Console.WriteLine("Volume of Box2 : {0}", volume) Console.ReadKey() End Sub End Module
编译并执行上述代码后,将产生以下结果-Volume of Box1 : 210 Volume of Box2 : 1560
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构造函数和析构函数
类构造函数是类的特殊成员Sub,只要我们创建该类的新对象,该类成员就会被执行。构造函数的名称为New,并且没有任何返回类型。以下程序解释了构造函数的概念-
尝试一下Class Line Private length As Double ' Length of a line Public Sub New() 'constructor Console.WriteLine("Object is being created") End Sub Public Sub setLength(ByVal len As Double) length = len End Sub Public Function getLength() As Double Return length End Function Shared Sub Main() Dim line As Line = New Line() 'set line length line.setLength(6.0) Console.WriteLine("Length of line : {0}", line.getLength()) Console.ReadKey() End Sub End Class
编译并执行上述代码后,将产生以下结果-Object is being created Length of line : 6
默认构造函数没有任何参数,但是如果需要,构造函数可以具有参数。这种构造函数称为参数化构造函数。此技术可帮助您在创建对象时为对,分配初始值,如以下示例所示-
尝试一下Class Line Private length As Double ' Length of a line Public Sub New(ByVal len As Double) 'parameterised constructor Console.WriteLine("Object is being created, length = {0}", len) length = len End Sub Public Sub setLength(ByVal len As Double) length = len End Sub Public Function getLength() As Double Return length End Function Shared Sub Main() Dim line As Line = New Line(10.0) Console.WriteLine("Length of line set by constructor : {0}", line.getLength()) 'set line length line.setLength(6.0) Console.WriteLine("Length of line set by setLength : {0}", line.getLength()) Console.ReadKey() End Sub End Class
编译并执行上述代码后,将产生以下结果-Object is being created, length = 10 Length of line set by constructor : 10 Length of line set by setLength : 6
析构函数是每当它的类的对象进入的范围之时执行的类的特殊成员子程序。一个析构函数的名称为 Finalize,它可以既不返回一个值,也不能采取任何参数。析构函数对于在程序退出之前释放资源非常有用,例如关闭文件,释放内存等。析构函数不能被继承或重载。以下示例解释了析构函数的概念-
尝试一下Class Line Private length As Double ' Length of a line Public Sub New() 'parameterised constructor Console.WriteLine("Object is being created") End Sub Protected Overrides Sub Finalize() ' destructor Console.WriteLine("Object is being deleted") End Sub Public Sub setLength(ByVal len As Double) length = len End Sub Public Function getLength() As Double Return length End Function Shared Sub Main() Dim line As Line = New Line() 'set line length line.setLength(6.0) Console.WriteLine("Length of line : {0}", line.getLength()) Console.ReadKey() End Sub End Class
编译并执行上述代码后,将产生以下结果-Object is being created Length of line : 6 Object is being deleted
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VB.Net类的共享成员
我们可以使用Shared关键字将类成员定义为静态成员。当我们将一个类的成员声明为 Shared 时,这意味着无论创建了多少个对象,该成员只有一个副本。关键字 Shared 表示该类仅存在成员的一个实例。共享变量用于定义常量,因为可以通过调用类而不创建实例来检索其值。 共享变量可以在成员函数或类定义之外初始化。您也可以在类定义中初始化Shared变量。您还可以将成员函数声明为Shared。此类函数只能访问共享变量。共享功能甚至在创建对象之前就已存在。以下示例演示共享成员的用法-
尝试一下Class StaticVar Public Shared num As Integer Public Sub count() num = num + 1 End Sub Public Shared Function getNum() As Integer Return num End Function Shared Sub Main() Dim s As StaticVar = New StaticVar() s.count() s.count() s.count() Console.WriteLine("Value of variable num: {0}", StaticVar.getNum()) Console.ReadKey() End Sub End Class
编译并执行上述代码后,将产生以下结果-Value of variable num: 3
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继承
面向对象编程中最重要的概念之一就是继承。继承允许我们用另一个类来定义一个类,这使得创建和维护应用程序变得更加容易。这也提供了重用代码功能和快速实现时间的机会。创建类时,程序员可以指定新类继承现有类的成员,而不必编写全新的数据成员和成员函数。此现有类称为基类,而新类称为派生类。 -
基类和派生类
一个类可以从一个以上的类或接口派生,这意味着它可以从多个基类或接口继承数据和函数。VB.Net中用于创建派生类的语法如下-<access-specifier> Class <base_class> ... End Class Class <derived_class>: Inherits <base_class> ... End Class
考虑一个基类Shape及其派生类Rectangle-
尝试一下' Base class Class Shape Protected width As Integer Protected height As Integer Public Sub setWidth(ByVal w As Integer) width = w End Sub Public Sub setHeight(ByVal h As Integer) height = h End Sub End Class ' Derived class Class Rectangle : Inherits Shape Public Function getArea() As Integer Return (width * height) End Function End Class Class RectangleTester Shared Sub Main() Dim rect As Rectangle = New Rectangle() rect.setWidth(5) rect.setHeight(7) ' Print the area of the object. Console.WriteLine("Total area: {0}", rect.getArea()) Console.ReadKey() End Sub End Class
编译并执行上述代码后,将产生以下结果-Total area: 35
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基类初始化
派生类继承基类的成员变量和成员方法。因此,应在创建子类之前创建超类对象。在VB.Net中,超类或基类被隐式称为MyBase。以下程序演示了这一点-
尝试一下' Base class Class Rectangle Protected width As Double Protected length As Double Public Sub New(ByVal l As Double, ByVal w As Double) length = l width = w End Sub Public Function GetArea() As Double Return (width * length) End Function Public Overridable Sub Display() Console.WriteLine("Length: {0}", length) Console.WriteLine("Width: {0}", width) Console.WriteLine("Area: {0}", GetArea()) End Sub 'end class Rectangle End Class 'Derived class Class Tabletop : Inherits Rectangle Private cost As Double Public Sub New(ByVal l As Double, ByVal w As Double) MyBase.New(l, w) End Sub Public Function GetCost() As Double Dim cost As Double cost = GetArea() * 70 Return cost End Function Public Overrides Sub Display() MyBase.Display() Console.WriteLine("Cost: {0}", GetCost()) End Sub 'end class Tabletop End Class Class RectangleTester Shared Sub Main() Dim t As Tabletop = New Tabletop(4.5, 7.5) t.Display() Console.ReadKey() End Sub End Class
编译并执行上述代码后,将产生以下结果-Length: 4.5 Width: 7.5 Area: 33.75 Cost: 2362.5
提示:VB.Net支持多重继承。