KoaJS RESTful API
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定义和使用
要创建移动应用程序、单页应用程序、使用 AJAX 调用并向客户机提供数据,您需要一个 API。关于如何构造和命名这些 api 和端点的一种流行的体系结构样式称为 REST(representationaltransferstate)。htp1.1 的设计考虑了 REST 原则。罗伊在 2000 年发表的论文中介绍了这一点。restfuluri 和方法为我们提供了处理请求所需的几乎所有信息。下表总结了应该如何使用各种动词以及如何命名 uri。我们将在最后创建一个 movies API,所以让我们来讨论它的结构。方法 URL Details Function GET /movies Safe, cachable 获取所有电影及其详细信息的列表 GET /movies/1234 Safe, cachable 获取电影 id=1234 的详细信息 POST /movies N/A 创建包含提供的详细信息的新电影。响应包含这个新创建的资源的 URI。 PUT /movies/1234 Idempotent 修改电影 id=1234(如果不存在,则创建一个)。响应包含这个新创建的资源的URI。 DELETE /movies/1234 Idempotent 如果电影 id=1234 存在,则应将其删除。响应应包含请求的状态。 DELETE or PUT /movies Invalid 应该是无效的。DELETE 和 PUT 应该指定它们正在处理的资源。 现在让我们在 Koa 中创建这个 API。我们将使用 JSON 作为我们的传输数据格式,因为它在 JavaScript 中很容易使用,并且有很多其他优点。更换您的 index.js 使用以下文件–
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INDEX.JS
var koa = require('koa'); var router = require('koa-router'); var bodyParser = require('koa-body'); var app = new koa(); app.use(bodyParser({ formidable:{uploadDir: './uploads'}, multipart: true, urlencoded: true })); var movies = require('./movies.js'); app.use(movies.routes()); app.listen(3000);
现在我们已经设置了应用程序,让我们集中精力创建 API。首先设置 movies.js 文件。我们没有使用数据库来存储电影,而是将它们存储在内存中,所以每次服务器重新启动时,我们添加的电影都会消失。使用数据库或文件(使用node-fs模块)可以很容易地模拟这一点。导入 koa 路由器,创建一个路由器并使用 module.exports.var Router = require('koa-router'); var router = Router({ prefix: '/movies' }); //在所有路线前面加上/movies var movies = [ {id: 101, name: "Fight Club", year: 1999, rating: 8.1}, {id: 102, name: "Inception", year: 2010, rating: 8.7}, {id: 103, name: "The Dark Knight", year: 2008, rating: 9}, {id: 104, name: "12 Angry Men", year: 1957, rating: 8.9} ]; module.exports = router;
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GET Routes
定义获取所有电影的 GET Routes。router.get('/', sendMovies); function *sendMovies(next){ this.body = movies; yield next; }
就这样。要测试这是否正常工作,请运行应用程序,然后打开终端并输入-curl -i -H "Accept: application/json" -H "Content-Type: application/json" -X GET localhost:3000/movies
您将得到以下响应–[{"id":101,"name":"Fight Club","year":1999,"rating":8.1},{"id":102,"name":"Inception","year":2010,"rating":8.7}, {"id":103,"name":"The Dark Knight","year":2008,"rating":9},{"id":104,"name":"12 Angry Men","year":1957,"rating":8.9}]
我们有一条路线去看所有的电影。现在让我们创建一个通过id获取特定电影的路径。router.get('/:id([0-9]{3,})', sendMovieWithId); function *sendMovieWithId(next){ var ctx = this; var currMovie = movies.filter(function(movie){ if(movie.id == ctx.params.id){ return true; } }); if(currMovie.length == 1){ this.body = currMovie[0]; } else { this.response.status = 404; //将状态设置为 404,因为找不到电影 this.body = {message: "Not Found"}; } yield next; }
这将根据我们提供的 id 获取电影。要测试这一点,请在终端中使用以下命令。curl -i -H "Accept: application/json" -H "Content-Type: application/json" -X GET localhost:3000/movies/101
你得到的回答是-{"id":101,"name":"Fight Club","year":1999,"rating":8.1}
如果访问的是无效路由,它将产生一个 cannot GET 错误,而如果访问的是一个 id 不存在的有效路由,它将产生 404 错误。我们完成了 GET route。现在,让我们转到 POST route。
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POST Routes
使用以下路由来处理POST数据。router.post('/', addNewMovie); function *addNewMovie(next){ //检查是否提供了所有字段并且这些字段都有效: if(!this.request.body.name || !this.request.body.year.toString().match(/^[0-9]{4}$/g) || !this.request.body.rating.toString().match(/^[0-9]\.[0-9]$/g)){ this.response.status = 400; this.body = {message: "Bad Request"}; } else { var newId = movies[movies.length-1].id+1; movies.push({ id: newId, name: this.request.body.name, year: this.request.body.year, rating: this.request.body.rating }); this.body = {message: "New movie created.", location: "/movies/" + newId}; } yield next; }
这将创建一个新电影并将其存储在 movies 变量中。要测试此路线,请在端子中输入以下内容–curl -X POST --data "name = Toy%20story&year = 1995&rating = 8.5" http://localhost:3000/movies
您将得到以下响应–{"message":"New movie created.","location":"/movies/105"}
要测试是否已将其添加到 movie 对象,请再次运行 /movies/105 的 get 请求。您将收到以下响应-{"id":105,"name":"Toy story","year":"1995","rating":"8.5"}
让我们继续创建 PUT 和 DELETE 路由。
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PUT Routes
PUT 路由与 POST 路由几乎完全相同。我们将为将要更新/创建的对象指定ID。通过以下方式创建路由-router.put('/:id', updateMovieWithId); function *updateMovieWithId(next){ //检查是否提供了所有字段并且这些字段都有效: if(!this.request.body.name || !this.request.body.year.toString().match(/^[0-9]{4}$/g) || !this.request.body.rating.toString().match(/^[0-9]\.[0-9]$/g) || !this.params.id.toString().match(/^[0-9]{3,}$/g)){ this.response.status = 400; this.body = {message: "Bad Request"}; } else { //获取具有给定id的电影的索引。 var updateIndex = movies.map(function(movie){ return movie.id; }).indexOf(parseInt(this.params.id)); if(updateIndex === -1){ movies.push({ id: this.params.id, name: this.request.body.name, year: this.request.body.year, rating: this.request.body.rating }); this.body = {message: "New movie created.", location: "/movies/" + this.params.id}; } else { movies[updateIndex] = { id: this.params.id, name: this.request.body.name, year: this.request.body.year, rating: this.request.body.rating }; this.body = {message: "Movie id " + this.params.id + " updated.", location: "/movies/" + this.params.id}; } } }
此路由将执行我们在上表中指定的功能。如果存在,它将使用新的详细信息更新对象。如果不存在,它将创建一个新对象。要测试此路由,请使用以下curl命令。这将更新现有电影。要创建新的电影,只需将ID更改为不存在的ID。curl -X PUT --data "name = Toy%20story&year = 1995&rating = 8.5" http://localhost:3000/movies/101
响应{"message":"Movie id 101 updated.","location":"/movies/101"}
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DELETE Routes
使用以下代码创建删除路由。router.delete('/:id', deleteMovieWithId); function *deleteMovieWithId(next){ var removeIndex = movies.map(function(movie){ return movie.id; }).indexOf(this.params.id); //获取具有给定id的电影的索引。 if(removeIndex === -1){ this.body = {message: "Not found"}; } else { movies.splice(removeIndex, 1); this.body = {message: "Movie id " + this.params.id + " removed."}; } }
以与测试其他路线相同的方式测试路线。成功删除后(例如ID 105),您将获得-{message: "Movie id 105 removed."}
最后,我们的 movies.js 文件如下所示:var Router = require('koa-router'); var router = Router({ prefix: '/movies' }); var movies = [ {id: 101, name: "Fight Club", year: 1999, rating: 8.1}, {id: 102, name: "Inception", year: 2010, rating: 8.7}, {id: 103, name: "The Dark Knight", year: 2008, rating: 9}, {id: 104, name: "12 Angry Men", year: 1957, rating: 8.9} ]; router.get('/', sendMovies); router.get('/:id([0-9]{3,})', sendMovieWithId); router.post('/', addNewMovie); router.put('/:id', updateMovieWithId); router.delete('/:id', deleteMovieWithId); function *deleteMovieWithId(next){ var removeIndex = movies.map(function(movie){ return movie.id; }).indexOf(this.params.id); //Gets us the index of movie with given id. if(removeIndex === -1){ this.body = {message: "Not found"}; } else { movies.splice(removeIndex, 1); this.body = {message: "Movie id " + this.params.id + " removed."}; } } function *updateMovieWithId(next) { if(!this.request.body.name || !this.request.body.year.toString().match(/^[0-9]{4}$/g) || !this.request.body.rating.toString().match(/^[0-9]\.[0-9]$/g) || !this.params.id.toString().match(/^[0-9]{3,}$/g)){ this.response.status = 400; this.body = {message: "Bad Request"}; } else { var updateIndex = movies.map(function(movie){ return movie.id; }).indexOf(parseInt(this.params.id)); if(updateIndex === -1){ movies.push({ id: this.params.id, name: this.request.body.name, year: this.request.body.year, rating: this.request.body.rating }); this.body = {message: "New movie created.", location: "/movies/" + this.params.id}; } else { movies[updateIndex] = { id: this.params.id, name: this.request.body.name, year: this.request.body.year, rating: this.request.body.rating }; this.body = {message: "Movie id " + this.params.id + " updated.", location: "/movies/" + this.params.id}; } } } function *addNewMovie(next){ //Check if all fields are provided and are valid: if(!this.request.body.name || !this.request.body.year.toString().match(/^[0-9]{4}$/g) || !this.request.body.rating.toString().match(/^[0-9]\.[0-9]$/g)){ this.response.status = 400; this.body = {message: "Bad Request"}; } else { var newId = movies[movies.length-1].id+1; movies.push({ id: newId, name: this.request.body.name, year: this.request.body.year, rating: this.request.body.rating }); this.body = {message: "New movie created.", location: "/movies/" + newId}; } yield next; } function *sendMovies(next){ this.body = movies; yield next; } function *sendMovieWithId(next){ var ctx = this var currMovie = movies.filter(function(movie){ if(movie.id == ctx.params.id){ return true; } }); if(currMovie.length == 1){ this.body = currMovie[0]; } else { this.response.status = 404;//Set status to 404 as movie was not found this.body = {message: "Not Found"}; } yield next; } module.exports = router;
这样就完成了我们的REST API。现在,您可以使用这种简单的体系结构样式和Koa创建更复杂的应用程序。